Business Capstone Project Strategy and Model

Question: Depict about the Business Capstone Project for Strategy and Model. Answer: Presentation The introduction depends on the examination of the block after the shake in the Erie Group. The introduction will feature the presentation and status of the organization, regardless of whether it has improved or decay. The introduction will show the colleague included or lost. Further, there will be a clarification of the explanation of progress of decrease in the Erie bunch because of stirring up. Procedure and models utilized by Erie will be trailed by change and effect. Organization Status after Shake up Expansion after purge After the purge organization thought of executing new vital model. The executed vital model will additionally support the organization, in improving the situation of the organization in since quite a while ago run. Organization needs to recuperate its situation for accomplishing development of the association, which can be accomplished by the usage of the key model. Explanations behind progress Incorporated Product Development should be actualized for coordinating the improvement in the item. Besides, there are different ways for improving the item, fundamental for which are given beneath: Greater venture should be in the exploration advancement, procedure, and item improvement period of the organization. Improvement in the strategy for handling the product[1]. Advanced item models ought to be actualized for catching and building up the market. Procedure Adjusted Vital models utilized: There are some vital models that will be actualized for advancing the item in the market just as catching the piece of the pie. The model utilized for Erie will PESTEL Analysis and Michael Porters Five Forces, these models will help the organization over the long haul just as short run. Erie will be further actualizing these models for improving satisfying the objectives and goal. The organization will be further actualizing a solid advertising plan for advancing the product[2]. PESTEL Analysis will clarify political, financial, social, mechanical, ecological and legitimate part of the organization. The model will concentrate on checking the full scale condition and factors affecting. The outcome will be dissected in the wake of doing SWOT Analysis of the organization will be examined in the wake of doing finish assessment of the organization. Michael Porters Five Forces investigation will be assess the aftereffect of the business under the organization and with explicit system of th e business. Industry competition will be clarified with the assistance of bartering intensity of the providers, danger of New Entrants, danger of substitute as dealing intensity of the purchasers. Switch because of shake-up: Income level of organization has seen tremendous variety from 2016-2022 which are given as follows: In 2016, it has been seen that organization has adequate store from the activity of the business, however an organization has a negative parity in the money related action of the organization. In 2017, it has been seen that Erie has improved the situation of negative financing movement. In addition, the organization has adequate degree of account and a great deal of money related charges in 2017. In 2018, the organization has a blending mix of 2016 and 2017 in all the action of the organization. From the year 2019 to 2022, it has been seen that negative parity is available in the venture action. In 2023, putting away segment of the income has developed enormous with negative equalization. In 2024, Financing movement of the organization has improved from the past it is on the grounds that may the organization must have hot benefit because of selling of the some fixed resource. End From the general investigation of the organization, it has been seen that because of the usage of the item the organization can't create a sufficient measure of benefit. It has been additionally seen that organization should put more concentrate on the key models utilized above for breaking down the turn of events and execution period of the item. It has been seen that organization had immense negative parity in the year 2019, which has improved when. Reference list Kotler, Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Delphine Manceau, and Aurlie Hmonnet-Goujot.Marketing the board. Vol. 14. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2015. Mullins, J., Walker, O.C. furthermore, Boyd Jr, H.W., 2012.Marketing administration: A vital dynamic methodology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

A rundown: When Scout was six, Dill (Charles Baker Harris) stays with his auntie and turns out to be old buddies with the Finches. The kids in Maycomb invest all their free energy of summer attempting to get Boo (Arthur) Radley come out of his home. None of the kids have ever observed the secretive man that lives nearby, however they never discover that he is really quieted down in this house. After the mid year is finished, Scout enters school and stumbles into difficulty since she definitely realizes how to peruse and to compose. She is in every case continually getting into battles with young men like Walter Cunningham, the child of a poor rancher. During that year, Scout and her more seasoned sibling Jem start to discover things in an opening in a tree on the Radley property as they pass it going to and from school. The following summer, Dill returns and the three proceed with their arrangements to make Boo Radley rise up out of his home. They attempt to utilize an angling rod sh aft to stick a note onto one of the windows of the Radleys. One night they chose to sneak up to one of the windows to have a look inside. Jem arrives at the yard when a shadow shows up and them three run for their lives similarly as a shotgun impact is heard. Jem gets captured vacillating by his jeans so he needs to sneak out of them so as to get away. Later he attempts to go get the jeans that he lost and is apprehensive. Somewhat later Scout hears that the jeans were patched peculiarly and lying going back and forth. The following fall, the kids make their first snowman. During this virus spell, Miss Maudie's home burns to the ground and Scout and Jem need to remain outside for dread that their home may likewise burn to the ground. While they are shuddering vulnerable, somebody folds a cover over scout without their knowing it. All signs point to Boo Radley putting the cover around her. About this time, the kids start to hear in the town that their dad is a nigger-darling. Atticus cautions his kids never to quarrel over this, yet at Christmas time when one of Scout's cousins makes a similar proclamation, she bloodies his nose. That Christmas, the two kids get air rifles yet they are given directions that they should never slaughter a <a href=http://www.

GLOW Book Club To the Time Machine!

GLOW Book Club To the Time Machine! I binged Netflixs new show GLOW because its pretty impossible not to. I was drawn in by the 80s setting and stayed for the charactersmostly down on their luck or looking for their place in this world (L.A.) ladies. While I know I watched at least some of the original episodes of Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling as a kid (You dont need to be a wrestling fan at all or know the original show to love Netflixs GLOW.) I dont really have much of a memory of it. My friend, on the other hand, remembers it playing before Rhonda Shears Up All NightIf you remember that show you just read the Up all squeaked-up. I have no clue if this is an accurate memory on her part or how we sometimes blend childhood memories together as adults, but I do know she was super excited in her remembering watching Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling with her cousins and we spent a lot of time gushing over the new show. Netflixs GLOW isnt a remake, but rather a fictional imagining inspired by Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling and its awesome and everything I didnt know I wanted. It also left me with a deep desire to hang with these ladies, so Im packing up a DeLorean that I saw on eBay with books and traveling to the 80s to give these ladies some reads and to hang out and try out some wrestling moves, of course. Mild spoilers ahead, maybe? GLOW book club: Sheila the She-wolf: Oh Sheila, my little wolf, Im so happy youve found a place in this world where the true inside-you can shine. And for those times the other ladies want to hug you or talk too much to you and not give you the space a lone wolf needs, heres the audiobook The Devourers by Indra Das. Whats this iPhone loaded with audiobooks, you ask? Well talk about that later right now all you need to know is this intense, original, and brutal story about a professor and the half-werewolf he meets is everything you want to read right now. I look forward to your thoughts, Wolf. Oh, and when youre done with that you have to read Emil Ferris My Favorite Thing is Monsters. Seriously, the girl identifies with monsters and I think youd totally understand each other. Tamme ´ Dawson: Dawson, you look good in the ring! Like maybe youve done this before? *wink-wink. Clearly youre athletic and know how to put on a good show, so Im handing you a new (in 2017) comic series SLAM!  (because not only are you awesome in the wrestling ring, but I know youd be awesome at roller derby, too). Yes, I am trying to tell you that Id pay money to both watch you wrestle and slam some ladies while on skates! Debbie Egan: We dont know each other, so rather than totally invading your personal space and hugging you Im going to hand you the audiobook Heartburn by Nora Ephron, narrated by Meryl Streep. You can talk to Wolf over there about the whole whats an iPhone? thing, but the important thing is I think Ephrons novel, which is what she wrote in response to catching her husband cheating on her while pregnant, will be like having a friend that can totally commiserate with you. Plus, its Nora Ephron, so even if its dealing with sad, frustrating, anger-inducing life moments, itll still be funny. Cherry Bang: Trying to make it as an actress is hard! I know because Ive read a lot of actor memoirs and they generally struggle a lot, for many years, before finding success. I think Taraji P. Henson has a lot of valuable life stories in her Around the Way Girl audiobookI know you dont know who she is, but Im from the future and I promise shes a big deal and had to work her ass off to get to where shes at. Just be warned youre going to want to immediately be her best friend as soon as youre done with her memoir. Ruth Wilder: You wouldnt happen to be related to a Joan, would you? Shes a romance novelist, had a rough trip through Colombia recently? You may want to ask your parents Anyhoo, while you keep trying to figure out your life and your gigantic misstep, I have 32 Candles by Ernessa T. Carter for you. Its a novel about a girl who runs away (in the 80s!) and grows up having to pave her own way while learning a bunch of valuable lessons. Her name is Davidia Jones and I think youd really enjoy getting to know her plus she ends up being great at giving advice. Arthie Premkumar: Between studying, having to help out your roommate with her hardcore crush, and being given a character to portray that fans the Islamophobia flames, you look like you need a break! So I brought you Sandhya Menons When Dimple Met Rishi because it is a totally delightful novel about a young Indian woman and man beginning their career paths while possibly finding love. Maybe Dimple’s tenacityor the Bollywood dancingwill inspire you to demand a better character and more time in the ring. Carmen Wade: Youre so awesome and already come with the passion for wrestling many of the other women dont get, but its a shame that your family doesnt get it. Well they get the wrestling passionbig timethey just dont get the part about letting you follow your dreams. Id like to share with you one of my all-time favorite comic series where the girls/women are awesome and they save themselves, usually while butting heads with family members: Princeless by Jeremy Whitley. Sam Sylvia: I have no idea who thought youd be the best person for this job, but here we are apparently, so sit down and watch your head cause Im going to throw some books at you and youre not getting up until youve read them all and fully absorbed the information. Ready? Here comes:  You Cant Touch My Hair: And Other Things I Still Have to Explain by Phoebe Robinson; Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear and Why by Sady Doyle; Shrill: Notes from a Loud Woman by Lindy West; You Dont Have to Like Me: Essays on Growing Up, Speaking Out, and Finding Feminism by Alida Nugent; Here We Are: Feminism for the Real World by Kelly Jensen. You can ignore all the things about technology and shows, etc., that you may not understand yet, just focus on the actual messages. Think Im going to hang out here in the 80s for a bit to learn some wrestling moves and keep book clubbing with the GLOW ladies. I can already feel my hair tripling in size. Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save

Rosa Parks Impact On History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 530 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Rosa Parks Essay Did you like this example? Rosa Parks, one of the most monumental women in United States history. Rosa Parks really helped remove segregation in America and was a Civil Rights Activist during the 1940s and continued until the end of segregation. Rosa Louise McCauley was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama to mother Leona and father James McCauley. Leona was an elementary school teacher for over 40 years, Mr. McCauley was a carpenter in Montgomery, Alabama, even though Rosa was born in Tuskegee, she grew up in Montgomery. Rosa went to high school at Highlander Folk HS, where she did very well as a student. She would later go to Alabama State for Teachers as she thought she wanted to teach alike her mother did. She ended up dropping out as her grandmother became very ill. Parks also recalls many incidents where racism occurred, one of her most memorable was when her Grandmother stood at the house door with a shotgun as the KKK walked out in front of their house. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rosa Parks Impact On History" essay for you Create order Rosa Parks enjoyed attending church with her family, and was also a participant in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. And before she went to public school, she was homeschooled, and would take many vocational and educational classes. She had taken interest in teaching because of her mother. Rosa also loved school, unfortunately she had started at the age of 11 years old because of Jim Crow laws, and also had to drop out early. As an African-American woman in the 1930-50s, life was very hard. As Jim Crow laws and segregation were impossible to ignore and really affected her quality of life. Gender equality was also not existent at her point in time. Knowing this, Rosa still had to work to provide for herself. This would one day lead to the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott. Montgomery was a place of radical racial segregation and was incredibly hard to live in for any black person. On December 5, 1955, Rosa was coming back from work, and was taking the bus back home when she had sat down after a hard and long day at work. A white man at a bus stop walked on to the bus and ordered Rosa to leave, Rosa refused. This led to Rosa being imprisoned, many African-Americans in Montgomery decided to stand up with Rosa, and went on strike with the Bus Company. The African-American community didnt take the bus and instead walked for 380 days, until the law that not matter your race you can sit down on a bus. Rosa Parks became a symbol for the struggle for civil rights. Due to severe harassment by bigots, she and her family were forced to leave Alabama and move to Michigan, but she continued to promote civil rights for the rest of her life. She received many honors, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. She only had used her platform to push for equality for African-Americans and had solidified herself in history as one of the most influential people in the ending of Jim Crow laws. Unfortunately, Rosa Parks passed away on October 24, 2005 in Detroit, Michigan. Rosas impact will always be engraved and never forgotten is United States history.

The Ghost Of Old Hamlet - 1466 Words

The ghost of Old Hamlet is an important part of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, but the ghost does not appear to all of the characters. The audience first sees the ghost when it appears before Horatio and the watchmen, Bernardo and Marcellus, who are both minor characters who do not play a major role in the play. Hamlet also sees the ghost later, and the audience only hears the ghost speak in interactions between him and Hamlet. However, because the ghost’s words are not real, it also brings forth the question how Hamlet suspects that Claudius poisons Old Hamlet through his ear. However, the ghost is invisible to Gertrude, the wife of Old Hamlet, even though the ghost loves Gertrude. The fact that Gertrude is unable to witness the ghost brings forth the question of the ghost’s existence, and also makes the audience wonder the reason the ghost does not show up in the play after the meeting between Hamlet and Gertrude. The nonexistence of the ghost’s words also chang es how the audience perceives the end of the play, as revenge changes from the father’s wish to the son’s desire. Therefore, Gertrude’s inability to see the ghost of Old Hamlet suggests that the ghost that appears before Hamlet when he talks to Gertrude does not exist, unlike the ghost that the characters see at the start of the play, and with this interpretation, it portrays Hamlet as a closer foil to Laertes, and changes the play to a tragedy in which a man tries to honor his father. Bernardo, Marcellus, and Horatio,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Ghost In Hamlet761 Words   |  4 Pagesstories, ghosts play an important part in the plot, as they enhance the reader’s view of the characters and the events that take place. The play, Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, in 1609, explores the theme of ghosts and real people living around them. The play is about Prince Hamlet, whose father was murdered during his sleep by his brother, Claudius, who later became the king and married Prince Hamlet’s mother. Throughout the play, Hamlet wants to take revenge, and the ghost guides Hamlet toRead MoreMurder and Marriage in William Shakespeares Hamlett1312 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s play Hamlet, this is Hamlet’s reality. Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, killed his father, Old Hamlet, the king of Denmark, and then his mother, Gertrude, and uncle got married approximately two months later. The effects of these morbid events are substantial on the young prince’s psyche. Later, the ghost of Old Hamlet appears to Hamlet and commands him to exact vengeance for what Claudius has done and murder the new king. This makes Hamlet desperate for revenge, so intermittently, Hamlet soliloquizesRead MoreThe Ghost O f The Late King Hamlet1374 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough some may think the ghost of the late King Hamlet in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet is a demon, but the truth is that Hamlet’s father didn t reveal himself to anyone besides Hamlet because he knew his son would avenge his death allowing him to receive divine in Heaven. Throughout the Elizabethan Era no one in that time period knew how much of an influence they would have on all of the world. In Caffery’s words, â€Å"[The] Elizabethan Era was a period of time from 1558 to 1603 known asRead MoreAmbition In Hamlet Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent is much more approachable. In The Tragedy of Hamlet, William Shakespeare investigates the ethical choice of being individualistic or containing a specific selflessness towards others, which may bring about unfortunate results. Hamlet, in order to eliminate the predicament of following his ambition towards independence, takes action against his meaningful relationships with the likes of the King/Queen, Old Hamlet, and Ophelia. Hamlet is faced with the choice of pursuing his desires or keepingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Tainted Justice1426 Words   |  6 PagesRahul Sehrawat Ms. Piacente ENG4U1-07 Friday, May 20, 2016 Tainted Justice In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, one of the major themes is justice. Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, vows to avenge his father’s murder and does so in Act 5, scene 2 by killing Claudius. This play can be seen as a trial and after tracing the courtroom imagery, it can be concluded that justice is served in Act 5, scene 2. In order for a trial to commence, there has to be some form of disruption. Shakespeare leaves no stoneRead MoreHamlet- William Shakespeare1252 Words   |  5 Pagesappearance of a ghost. As the men are about to hear the story from Barnardo; a ghost enters and exits. Horatio says that the ghost has the same appearance of old King Hamlet. The men begin to talk about the action being taken within Denmark, as the ghost enters once again. Horatio asks it to speak and identify itself; the ghost begins to leave. Horatio asks for it to return but it does not. All the men agree to tell Prince Hamlet about the ghost. A ceremony begins; the King, Queen, Prince Hamlet and theirRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero1305 Words   |  6 Pages Sympathy is a feeling of sorrow, pity, or understanding of someone else’s misfortune. Hamlet, in this case, is the tragic hero due to many different sources that cause the reader to have an immense amount of sympathy for him. A series of events such as mur der, failed relationships, and all the madness, created the feeling of sympathy from the audience. These specific sources cause the reader to see the development of the overall themes of deceit, justice, and revenge. Deceit is one of the mainRead MoreThe Ghost Is a Useful Dramatic Device; Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Elizabethan period, a ghost was seen as a common feature in most tragedy plays. Shakespeares Hamlet is a prime example of the use of a `ghost to entice fear and apprehension amongst the Elizabethan audience. The ghost can be seen as projecting several functions throughout the play, all of which are vital to the plays ultimate impact. An Elizabethan audience were highly superstitious, held Roman Catholic beliefs of purgatory and were extremely fearful of afterlife and the uncertaintyRead MoreAnalysis of Shakespeares Hamlet720 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter analysis of Hamlet, Ghost, Horatio: Act 1, Scenes 1-5 The story of Hamlet is so famous, it is easy to forget that at the beginning of the play, Hamlet is unaware of the fact that his father was murdered by his uncle. Hamlet begins the play a depressed, angry young man who is barely able to conceal the fact that he despises his new stepfather for marrying his mother so soon after his beloved fathers demise. However, he has no proof that his uncle did anything wrong at first. In fact, theRead MoreThe Sanity Of Shakespeare s Hamlet793 Words   |  4 Pagesspecifically the play Hamlet, for years without end. It is apparent that the character Hamlet, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, maintains his sanity. Few experts believe that Hamlet’s insanity is clearly demonstrated by his actions. Some scholars believe that Hamlet proves to be undoubtedly insane during various situations. Maurice Baudin states, in â€Å"The Rà ´le of the Ghost† from Modern Language Notes, that the scene where Hamlet and Gertrude are in the bedroom conversing only Hamlet sees the ghost suggests Hamlet’s

Digital Comm Tutorial Free Essays

string(29) " stability of 1 part in 107\." The process of quantisation introduces an error or noise component into the quantised signal. Derive an equation for the mean-squared quantisation error in terms of the quantization interval ‘a’. ii) Hence show that the peak signal-to-quantisation noise ratio (SQNR) is SQNR = ( 6n + 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Comm Tutorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 ) dB Where 2 n is the number of quantisation levels. b)i) Linear quantisation is used prior to binary PCM encoding of an analogue baseband signal which has a uniform probability density function. The signal-to-quantisation noise ratio must be no less than 35 dB. How many binary bits are required to code each quansation level? ii) If the bit rate is 104 bits per second, what should be the maximum bandwidth of the analogue signal prior to sampling? Q2. a)i) Explain how nonlinear quantisation can be used to reduce the number of levels required to quantise a signal. ii) Explain why logarithmic quantisation is preferred. iii) What types of signal is most suitable to be processed by non-linear quantisation? b) Sketch the A-law companding curved. Explain why companding is used in voice transmission systems. c) Show that the dynamic range of the logarithmic portion of the A-law compander is 38. dB and that the improvement in signal to quantisation noise ratio realized for small signals, compared with linear quantisation , is 24 dB. d) For an 8-bit A-law companded PCM system, calculate the SQNR obtainable and the PCM bit rate. Assume the sampling frequency is 8 KHz. Q3. a) Explain (qualitatively) how Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) can reduce the transmission bandwidth required. b) Explain what is delta modulation. Why it is particularly suited to speech signals? c) For an input sinusoid of frequency 1 kHz, estimate and compare the signal-to-error ratios of a linear PCM coder using a sampling rate of 2. kHz and 7 bits per sample quantisation with a single-integration delta modulator producing the same gross bit rate. BASEBAND REGERATOR / ERROR PROBABILITY / LINE CODE Q4. a) Digital transmission systems provide better received signal quality compare to analogue transmission systems when implementing a long distance communication link. Explain briefly why this is so. b) A PCM transmission link employed 8 bit coding and uses baseband regenerator as repeater. Determine the Signal-to-Noise ratio obtainable at the receiver assuming no bit error occurred. c) An analogue transmission system required amplifiers to be spaced every 2 km apart. Assume the Signal-to-Noise ratio of the amplifier is 65 dB, determine the maximum distance of the link before the quality of the received signal is lower than the PCM link above. d) A RF binary PSK system operates with phase states separated by 180o. The bit rate is 2. 0 Mbit/s and the noise power spectral density at the input to an ideal matched filter detector is 1. 0 pW/Hz. If the transmission loss between transmitter and detector is 40 dB, what power must be transmitted to achieve a probability of bit error of 1( 10-6 ? For binary PSK , Pe = ? [1- erf(Eb/No)1/2] Error function tables are provided. Q5. ) Draw a simplified block diagram of a PCM regenerative repeater. b) An ideal 18 – section, copper cable, PCM link employs unipolar , NRZ, rectangular pulses on each section and a center point detection process at each repeater. The probability of error versus SNR for this transmission and detection scheme is given by [pic] If all sections were identical, and operated with a section SNR of precisely 18 dB, what would be the overall probability of error for the entire link? Q6. (a) Sketch the typical, long term, spectrum of a speech waveform. Show on your sketch the bandwidth normally considered sufficient for telephone quality transmission. b) i) If the voice signal in part (a) is to be transmitted using 8-bit PCM and use the bandwidth upper frequency limit shown on your sketch to find the required PCM bit rate. ii) What channel bandwidth, in principle, would be required if the PCM bits were to be transmitted as perfectly rectangular pulses without distortions? iii) What is the minimum theoretical bandwidth which would allow the PCM bits to be transmitted independently (i. e. without inter-symbol interference (ISI) at the receiver sampling instants)? Explain your answer. (c) i) What is the main functions of line codes? i) The bit stream shown in Fig. Q7 is to be line-coded using the high-density substitutiontechnique HDB3. Sketch a version of the resulting coded signal. What are the features of HDB3 which makes it an attractive line code? [pic] Fig. Q6 TDM / PDH / SDH Q7. a)i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the way in which analogue telephone channels plus signalling and service information are combined in a plesiochronous time-division multiplexed system to form the primary multiplex group. ii) What sampling rate would be appropriate for each telephone channel and what would be the gross bit rate of the multiplex group? )i) Show how primary multiplex groups may be combined to form higher level multiplexes and to provide access for wideband signals. ii) Explain why it is necessary in a high order Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH ) to de-multiplex down to the lowest order whenever a single channel is to be extracted or inserted. c) Calculate the number of telephone channels which can be accommodated at level 4 of a PDH. d) In the PDH, explain why the bit rate at a given level is not exactly an integer multiple of the bit rate at the level below. Q8. a) Explain why bit justification is required in a PDH network, and describe how it may be performed. ) i) Determine the minimum and maximum input channel rates accommodated by an CEPT2 multiplexer. ii) Determine the rate of CEPT1 misframes caused by erroneous interpretation of a stuffed bit. Assume channel bit error rate Pe is 10-6. CEPT2 parameters: Bit rate8. 448 Mbit/s Master frame length848 bits Message length/channel205 bits Framing bits12 bits Stuffing control bits12 bits Stuff bits4 bits c)i) Explain what is frame slip. ii) In a PDH network, the primary multiplex clock generators have frequency stability of 1 part in 107. You read "Digital Comm Tutorial" in category "Papers" Calculate the average number of frames slips per hours in a connection of 5 inter- exchange links. Q9. a) Describe the essential features of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). b) Plesiochronous networks have a number of disadvantages by comparisons with the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. State and explain two of them. c) Draw a block diagram illustrating the SDH. Show on your diagram the nominal STMbit rates associated with each SDH level. d)i) Describe the SDH primary-rate frame structure with particular reference to the location within the frame of the section overheads, the (administrative unit) pointers and the STM-1 payload. ii) What are the main functions of pointer? SIGNALLING Q10. a)i) Explain the need for signaling in a telecommunication system. ii) List the minimum basic signaling requirements, and show how they may be obtained in the subscriber loop of a typical telephone network. b) Draw a simple block diagram illustrating the essential difference between channel-associated signaling (CAS) and common channel signaling (CCS). c) List the advantages of CCS over CAS. d) Modern digital switching systems using Stored Program Control (SPC) employ CCS. Draw a block diagram showing how CCS may be implemented. e) What is the disadvantage of CCS and how are they overcome? Q11. ) Show how the ITU-T (formerly CCITT ) signaling systems No. 7 conform to theInternational Standard Organisation, Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI ) model. b) What are the three types of signal units employ by the ITU-T SS No. 7? What is the function of each? c)i) How is the channel associated signaling handled by the 30+2 PCM primary multiplex frame? ii) Calculate the bit rate of th e signaling channel with one voice channel. TELETRAFFIC THEORY Q12. a) In a switching system for which blocked calls are lost, the average number of calls per hour is 200 with an average holding time of 3 minutes. Estimate the number of trunks required to achieve a grade of service of 0. 1 %. b) On the average during the busy hour, traffic generated in exchange A and exchange B is shown in table Q13. Assume no tandem traffic, estimate the number of trunk channels (two way connections) required for a grade service of 1 %: i) if the same lines are used for incoming and outgoing calls, ii) if separate lines are used for incoming and outgoing calls. Evaluate the above options and propose a cost effective solution. What is the minimum number of trunk lines required to serve the two exchanges? |Exchange A |Exchange B | |Exchange A |- |36 Erlang | |Exchange B |43 Erlang |- | Table Q13 c) Calculate the number of channels needed in a seven-cell re-use pattern cellular systems to achieve a blocking probability of 1 % if there are 2800 calls per cell per hour, each of average duration of 1. 8 minutes. (use traffic table). Q13. a) Define traffic intensity and congestion. ) Explain why it is necessary to determine the traffic variations as a function of time for a telephone exchange. c)For a telephone exchange designed based on blocked call lost assumption, the probability of there being k calls in progress with N trunks carrying traffic A Erlang is given by: [pic][pic] i) Explain what is meant by blocked call lost. Give an evaluation the effect of this assumption. ii) Derive an equation for the probability all servers are busy and the subscriber encountered call blocking. State the assumptions made for the above equation to be valid. ) A PBX with 250 internal lines has 10 trunks to the public network. i) What is the probability of call blocking if each internal line is involved in four external calls with an average duration of 2. 5 minutes per call, per eight-hour working day? ii) How many additional trunk connections would be required to improve the grade-of service to better than 0. 5 %? Q14. a) In a que ueing system, the average rate of packet transmission is ( frames per second, and the average arrival rate of data is ( packets per second. The probability that therewill be n packets in the queue is Pn = (1 – ( )( ( ) nwhere ( = ( / ( b) Derive an equation for the average number of packets in the queue and show how this varies with the parameter ( . c) How would you use this equation to design the node in a packet-switched system? d) If the switching node has a transmission capacity of 800 packets per second and the packet arrival rate is 500 packets per second. i) Calculate the average number of packets in the queue and hence ii) Calculate the average waiting time per packet. iii) What is the mean delay introduced by the switching node on a packet? ) A common –channel signalling system uses a 64 kbits/s data link to serve a group of 1500 speech circuits on a route between two exchanges. The busy-hour traffic is 1000 E and the average call duration is two minutes. On average each call requires transmission of ten messages (five signals plus five responses) and the average message length is 20 octets. Calculate the percentage of messages which encounter delay and the mean delay for these messages. DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK Q15. a)i) Describe the principle of data communication by packet switching. ii) Evaluate the advantages of this strategy by comparison with circuit switching. )Show how the format of a packet can allow inclusion of routing, error correction, synchronisation and data. c)A packet switch has a single outgoing link at 2. 048 Mbit/s. The average length of each packet is 960 bytes. If the average packet delay through the switch must be less than 20 ms, assuming an M/M/1 queue, determine the i) maximum total packet arrival rate ii) average length of the queue. Q16a) Outline the ISO-OSI data communication network model. b) i) At which layer of the ISO-OSI model does the routing information provided? ii) Name and describe briefly two common routing protocols for the Wide Area Network (WAN). ii) Compare the relative performance of the protocols. iv) give an example of the connection standard applicable to each. c) Describe the format of a High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) packet and describe how this could be employed to implement call set-up, data transfer and call clearing in a virtual circuit. ISDN / B-ISDN Q17. a) Most national tele-traffic networks have evolved from systems using analogue telephonyand signaling and electromechanical switching. Show, using diagrams, how it has been possible to develop Integrated Digital Networks (IDN) whilst retaining much of the transmission network. ) An IDN is required to provide communication of information in addition to digital telephony signals. Describe the others signals necessary to operate an IDN and show how these can be integrated within a single network. c) Outline the potential benefits of an ISDN. d) Describe the data handling capabilities of Basic Rate Access and Primary Rate Access ISDN services. What are the gros s bit rates in each case? Q18. a) Describe the process which takes place in a packet speech transmission system and outline the transmission delay which might be expected. ) In a packet communication network packets arrive at a switch according to a Poisson distribution with a mean arrival rate of 4 packet/s. The service time is exponentially distributed with a mean value of 100 ms. Assuming that each packet contains 70 bytes and the output transmission rate is 5. 6 kbit/s. How long, on average, does a packet have to wait in the queue? If the switch in part (c) is limited in length to 10 packets, what is the probability of losing packets? c) What extensions to these access processes will be required to handle multi-media terminals and what data transfer method will be most appropriate? ) What are the numerical values of the following: i) ATM cell size. ii) ATM information field size. iii) SDH STM-1 bit rate. iv) PCM voice channel bit rate. e) Use your answer in part (d) to find the expected total network delay (including packetisation delay) experienced by a voice signal transmitted over an ATM network connection operating at the SDH STM-1 bit rate. The connection traverse 8 switching centers, each of which introduces a mean delay equal to 98 ATM cells. The transmission path length is 350 km in total, and the specific delay of the transmission medium is 5 (s/km. How to cite Digital Comm Tutorial, Papers

Lenin Essay Example

Lenin Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Lenin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lenin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lenin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lenin Lenin believed that revolution ought to be pursued on a much broader sense than the current way that the working class was trying. During this time, there was great disparity between the haves and the have-nots or as Lenin describes them, â€Å"the propertied and the non propertied† (Lenin, n.d.). To make the differences a little more even, the working classes were forming trade organizations to use them as their bargaining tools. They used these unions to ask for better wages, working conditions. He argued that this was not the most effective way of pursuing a revolution. He advised the working class to form political parties in order to advance their Marxist ideas. Revolutions can only be brought about by dedicated revolutionaries who formed political parties to fight the political battles. According to his thoughts, political battles could not be fought through economic means but by political means. Lenin was of the social democracy ideology. He believed in a revolution but also believed in a peaceful revolution. His thought was that revolutions ought to be advanced through political means and not with militancy, violence or totalitarianism to propagate the revolution. Lenin viewed trade unions as source of enlightment. He believed that the working class was still not ready for a revolution. He therefore advocated for the idea of trade unions during the early stages of labor movements. This is because they helped to educate the working class on the evils of capitalism. He went ahead to advised his fellow social democrats to gang up the masses and help them to organize and set up trade unions. This would do a great deal in educating the working class on how to organize them in fighting against their employers. Although he deemed a political struggle to be more effective, he recognized that under the current tsarist, autocracy regime made it impossible to have a pre-emptive political struggle. This led him to recommend an economic struggle first, which was the organization of trade unions. Lenin was of the thought that the working class could not develop and advance real socialist consciousness from among themselves but from without. This meant that he believed that trade union was the only vehicle that would help entrench the real socialist consciousness in the minds of the working class, as they were not mature enough (Lenin, n.d.). He however maintained that there is a distinct separation between the trade unions and the socialist party. This means that he did not believe in trade unions as the agent for change but as mere tool of enlightening the working class on the evils being committed against them and give them the necessary courage to fight against the oppression. The absolute vehicle for change he reserved for the establishment of political parties. He believed that the political party ought to be lead by professional revolutionaries. For the trade unions, he advised that their leadership be open to any worker who had the idea and knowledge of the need for organization in mind. Social democracy is a political ideology that advances a complete revolution of a nation or society from capitalistic form of governance to a socialistic one. This revolution is however advanced through political and peaceful means. Any forms of militancy, violence or totalitarianism are not incorporated as a means for transition. The change into socialism is a change into a form of governance where the all the powers and means of production and the goods produced are vested in the community. The community owns the total capital, the distribution processes and all the land together. Individual ownership of property is highly detested. Lenin was of the idea that social democracy was inevitable. He was against capitalism or any other form of system of social organization. He however was of the thought that this revolution would be spurred by the spontaneous growth of the labor movement. Works Cited Lenin, Vladimir. What is to be done (1902)? n.d. Web. 11 July 2011.